Considering factors such as accuracy, time of application, ease of scoring, and utilization charges, tests such as IQCODE, AD8, and GPCOG or appropriate combination with counterpart tools seem to be good alternatives to the use of the MMSE in primary care.Ĭognitive disorders and dementia have an important effect on individual independence and orientation. Several benefits have been attached to short tests making them a suitable choice for use in primary healthcare settings. The random-effect model for the MMSE showed the pooled sensitivity equal to 0.73 (95% CI 0.57–0.90), the pooled specificity equal to 0.83 (95% CI 0.75-0.90), and the pooled AUC equal to 0.88 (95% CI 0.83–0.93). According to a pairwise comparison, IQCODE, AD8 and GPCOG showed equal or better diagnostic performance relative to the MMSE in terms of sensitivity and specificity. None of the studies had examined the feasibility or efficiency of mass screening. ResultsĪ systematic search identified 18,132 records, of which, 20 studies were included in the quality assessment, and six were included in quantitative analysis. I 2 test was used for assessing heterogeneity and predefined subgroup analyses were performed using participants’ age, country’s income, and sample size of studies. Given the high heterogeneity between studies, a random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled effect sizes for diagnostic accuracy measures (sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve indices). The risk of bias was assessed through the QUADAS-2 instrument. Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Cochrane, Dare, All EBM Reviews, CRD (OVID), and Proquest were searched from 2012 to November 2021. The findings of our study can support countries in planning to establish and care for mild cognitive impairment in primary health centers. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify the test performance of screening tools and compare them pairwise. According to the Alzheimer's Disease International (ADI) 75% of people with dementia are not diagnosed this may be as high as 90% in some low- and middle-income countries. Cognitive disorders and dementia have an important effect on individual independence and orientation.
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